LESSON 20
THIRD DECLENSION:
LIQUID, MUTE, AND SYNCOPATED STEMS

Greek	Meaning	Notes
σάββατον	Sabbath
ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ	a man (male)	Android, Andrew
τέ	and
τιοῦτος	such
σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ	sarcasm	Literally: strip the flesh. A sarcophagus is a flesh eating stone (grave) from (σάρξ + φάγειν to eat)
αἰών, αἰῶνος, ὁ	age	eon
ἄρχων, ἄρχοντος, ὁ	ruler	archbishop
ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδος, ἡ	hope
νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ	night	nocturnal
χάρις, χάριτος, ἡ	grace	charismatic
πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ	father	pater
μήτηρ, μητρός, ἡ	mother	mater
θυγάτηρ, θυγατρός, ἡ	daughter
ἀρχή, ἡ	beginning	archeology
ἀγγελία, ἡ	message
κοινωνία, ἡ	fellowship
πᾶς, παντός	all (masc.)
πᾶσα, πάσης	all (fem.)
πᾶν, παντός	all (neut.)	pantheist = everything is god

Declension of nouns and adjectives

1. First Declension are those nouns which end in α or η that we studied in an earlier lesson.
   1. For example: ἀγάπη, δόξα, μεσσίας, and προφήτης
2. Second declension are those words that end in -ος like λόγος.
3. Third declension nouns and adjectives have a different set of endings.
   1. The stem is found, not in the Nominative case, but in the Genitive case.
      1. When the word is given in the vocabulary, it is followed by the Genitive case so that you can find the stem.
   2. Remove the -ος from the Genitive form to reveal the stem.
   3. The endings, however are regular.

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
NOM	-ς (or none)	-ς (or none)	none	-ες	-ες	-α
GEN	-ος	-ος	-ος	-ων	-ων	-ων
DAT	-ι	-ι	-ι	-σι	-σι	-σι
ACC	-ν or -α	-ν or -α	none	-ας	-ας	-α
VOC	none	none	none	-ες	-ες	-α

Types of third declension

1. There are five major classes of third declension nouns
   1. Liquid
   2. Mute
   3. Syncopated
   4. Vowel stem
   5. Neuter
2. Within these groups are other divisions, especially in the Vowel stem and Neuter types.
   1. These will be seen in the next two lessons.
3. In the Dative plural case, the ending is σι, however when that ending is added to a stem that ends in a consonant, there are some changes.
   1. π, β, φ + σι = ψι
   2. κ, γ, χ + σι = ξι
   3. τ, δ, θ + σι = σι
   4. ν + σι = σι
   5. ντ + σι = σι and the preceding vowel changes.
      1. ο becomes ου
      2. α becomes η
      3. ε becomes η

Liquid stem nouns

1. Stems that end in λ, μ, ν, ρ in the GEN before the ος ending are liquid stems
2. Most are masculine nouns, but a few are feminine.
3. Both masculine and feminine are declined like αἰών
4. The stem is found in the Genitive singular by removing -ος
5. In the Dative plural, all the liquid stems (λ, μ, ν), except ρ, drop out before the σι ending.

	age		speaker, orator
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
NOM	αἰών	αἰῶνες	ῥήτωρ	ῥήτορες
GEN	αἰῶνος	αἰώνων	ῥήτορος	ῥητόρων
DAT	αἰῶνι	αἰῶσι	ῥήτορι	ῥήτορσι
ACC	αἰῶνα	αἰῶνας	ῥήτορα	ῥήτορας
VOC	αἰών	αἰῶνες	ῥῆτορ	ῥήτορες

Mute stem nouns

1. Mute consonants are κ, γ, π, β, τ, δ
2. Some mute stem nouns are masculine while others are feminine
3. Both ἐλπίς and χάρις look alike except for the accent.
4. Another difference is that in the Accusative singular, one ends in α while the other ends in ν.
5. Here's the rule:
   1. noun stem ends in τ, δ, or θ
   2. preceded by ι or υ (thus ιτ, ιδ, ιθ, υτ, υδ, υθ)
   3. in the NOM, last syllable is not accented
   4. then the ACC singular has the ν ending
   5. the mute consonant drops out.
   6. otherwise, the ACC singular ends in α

Mute Stem

	ἐλπίς, ἡ		χάρις, ἡ
	Sing.	Plur.	Sing.	Plur.
NOM	ἐλπίς	ἐλπίδες	χάρις	χάριτες
GEN	ἐλπίδος	ἐλπίδων	χάριτος	χαρίτων
DAT	ἐλπίδι	ἐλπίσι	χάριτι	χάρισι
ACC	ἐλπίδα	ἐλπίδας	χάριν	χάριτας
VOC	ἐλπίς	ἐλπίδες	χάρις	χάριτες

Mute Stem

	νύξ, ἡ		ἄρχων, ὁ
	Sing.	Plur.	Sing.	Plur.
NOM	νύξ	νύκτες	ἄρχων	ἄρχοντες
GEN	νυκτός	νυκτῶν	ἄρχοντος	ἀρχόντων
DAT	νυκτί	νυξί	ἄρχοντι	ἄρχουσι (ν)
ACC	νύκτα	νύκτας	ἄρχοντα	ἄρχοντας
VOC	νύξ	νύκτες	ἄρχων	ἄρχοντες

Mute Stem

	ἀσπίς, ἠ
	Sing.	Plur.
NOM	ἀσπίς	ἀσπίδες
GEN	ἀσπίδος	ἀσπίδων
DAT	ἀσπίδι	ἀσπίσι
ACC	ἀσπίδα	ἀσπίδας
VOC	ἀσπίς	ἀσπίδες

Syncopated nouns

1. The name comes from the fact that the accent shifts
2. The stem is found by changing the η to ε in the nominative singular
3. The Genitive and Dative singular forms drop the ε of the stem and accent the last syllable.
4. The Vocative singular is the simple stem of the noun and the accent is recessive.
5. The stem vowel is accented in all plural forms.
6. The Dative plural form drops the stem vowel ε and inserts an α before the σι ending.

Syncopated: πατήρ, ὁ

	Sing.	Plur.
NOM	πατήρ	πατέρες
GEN	πατρός	πατέρων
DAT	πατρί	πατράσι
ACC	πατέρα	πατέρας
VOC	πάτερ	πατέρες

Syncopated: μήτηρ, ἡ

	Sing.	Plur.
NOM	μήτηρ	μητέρες
GEN	μητρός	μητέρων
DAT	μητρί	μητράσι
ACC	μητέρα	μητέρας
VOC	μῆτερ	μητέρες

Syncopated: ἀνήρ, ὁ

	Sing.	Plur.
NOM	ἀνήρ	ἄνδρες
GEN	ἀνδρός	ἀνδρῶν
DAT	ἀνδρί	ἀνδράσι
ACC	ἄνδρα	ἄνδρας
VOC	ἄνερ	ἄνδρες

Translate the following:

1. ἐλπίδα οὐκ ἔχομεν ὅτι οὐ γινώσκομεν τὸν κύριον.
2. τῇ χάριτι αὐτοῦ ὁ θεὸς ἔσωσεν ἁμαρτωλούς.
3. ὁ λόγος μου μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.
4. ὁ ἀπόστολος οὐκέτι γινώσκει τὸν κύριον κατὰ τὴν σάρκα.
5. ὁ πονηρὸς μαθητὴς ἐξῆλθε καὶ ἦν νύξ.
6. ἄρχων ἦλθε πρὸς τὸν χριστὸν καὶ ἐδιδάχθη τὴν ὁδὸν τῆς ζωῆς.
7. λέγομεν ὅτι ἔχομεν κοινωνίαν μετ’ αὐτοῦ.
8. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἀγγελία τῆς ἀληθείας· ὁ θεός ἐστιν ἀγαθὸς καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ μένουσιν ἐν αὐτῷ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων.
9. ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν. πάντα δι’ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο.
10. ὁ κύριος διδάσκει ὅτι ὁ θεός ἐστιν ὁ πατὴρ ἀγαθῶν ἀνθρώπων.
11. ὁ υἱὸς καὶ ἡ θυγάτηρ λαμβάνουσι καλὰ δῶρα ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῶν.
12. ἀγάπη καὶ ἐλπὶς μένουσι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.